Optical Fiber and Light Emitting Diode Essay

Also it has a much higher frequency than electricity. So to make our communication more faster we invented a new guided transmission cable, the fiber-optic cable. The fiber optic communication system includes an optical transmitter which converts an electrical signal into an optical signal and sends it into the optical fiber. The information transmitted through optical fiber is typically digital information. It transmits signals in the form of light. Composition: 1 . Outer Jacket: made up of PVC or Teflon. 2. Kevlar strands inside the Jacket: to strengthen cable (also used in bulletproof ests). 3. Plastic coating below Kevlar: for protecting or cushioning fiber. 4. Fiber at the centre: consists of glass or plastic core surrounded by glass cladding which has a low refractive index (less density than core). Fiber-optic Cable connecters: 1 . SC (Subscriber channel connector): used for cable TV. Uses a push/pull locking system. 2. ST (Straight tip connector): It is used for connecting cable to networking devices. Uses a bayonet locking system. 3. MT-RJ: same size as RJ45. Light sources: The light source used in the fiber is light emitting diode. The light is detected by a hoto detector such as a phototransistor. The two light sources that are widely used in fiber optics are LED (Light Emitting Diode) and ILD (Injection Laser Diode). LED is preferred for short distances and ILD for longer distances. Drawback of LED: The light provided by LED is unfocussed which hits the core boundaries and gets diffused. Conditions for reflection: 1 . The inner glass core should have a higher refractive index then the refractive index of the surrounding glass cladding. Means the glass cladding should be less dense it will help the light ray to be reflected of the cladding instead of being efracted into it. . The angle of incidence of the light ray entering in the fiber-optic cable must be greater than the critical angle. The incident light ray will be reflected inside the glass core. If the angle of incidence is less than the critical angle the light ray will be refracted that is it will enter the glass cladding and gets lost. Data transmission: The transmitter converts into light source and the receiver (pho todiode) translates the light back into data bits. Modes of propagation: Mode: The number of paths followed by light rays inside the fiber-optic cable. There are two types of modes: 1 . Single mode: light takes a single path through the core. 2. Multimode: light follows more than one paths through the core. 1. Single mode fiber: manufactured with small diameter. Lower density (less refractive index). Decrease in density results in a critical angle that is closer to 90 degrees and allows the light rays to travel almost horizontally. All light beams arrive at the destination together. Less distortion of light rays. 2. Multimode fiber: 2. 1 . Multimode step-index fiber: Density of core remains same from center to edges. The beam of light moves at a straight line until it reaches the boundary (interface) of the core and cladding. The refractive index (low density) changes abruptly. More distortion of light rays. 2. 2. Multimode graded-index fiber: Decreases the distortion induced in step-index. Density varies. It is highest at center of core and is lowest at the edge by decreasing gradually. The light rays do not travel horizontally due to changing refractive index. Advantages: Transmission distance is greater. Uses less repeaters than other cables (can run up to 50km before requiring egeneration of signal). Has a wide bandwidth hence higher data rates. High noise immunity (electromagnetic noise cannot affect the cable). Resistant to corrosive materials (made up of glass which is more resistant to corrosive materials). Much lighter than copper cables. Disadvantages: Cable is very expensive. Installation and maintenance requires expertise and is also costly. If broken very difficult to fix. Light propagation is unidirectional. Two fibers are needed for bidirectional communication. Losses due to absorption, dispersion and scattering. How to fix the cable if it is broken?

Punctuation Tips How to Use Commas - Proofread My Paper

Punctuation Tips How to Use Commas - Proofread My Paper Punctuation Tips: How to Use Commas For such a common punctuation mark, commas cause a lot of confusion. But there are some rules for how commas should be used. These rules aren’t rigid: It’s a matter of style to some degree, and the important thing is that your writing is clear and easy to read. However, if you use commas along the following lines, you’ll be on the right track! 1. Commas in Lists One important use of commas is to separate items in a list of three or more things. US English typically uses a serial comma before the final item: My favorite bands are Toto, ELO, and REO Speedwagon. In British English, however, the serial comma is often omitted. 2. After Introductory Words or Clauses A comma should be used to separate introductory words or phrases from the main clause in a sentence. These tend to be terms or phrases that modify or frame the sentence: As a solo artist, Kenny Loggins is best known for the song â€Å"Footloose.† Few things are more 80s than the Loggins.(Image: Surian Soosay/flickr) 3. After a Coordinating Conjunction When joining two independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction (i.e., â€Å"and,† â€Å"but,† â€Å"for,† â€Å"nor,† â€Å"or,† â€Å"so,† or â€Å"yet†), they should be separated with a comma: I have every Boz Scaggs album, but I don’t have any albums by the Steve Miller Band. This only applies when linking clauses that could work as sentences by themselves, though, not whenever a coordinating conjunction is used. 4. Parenthetical Commas Parenthetical commas set apart non-essential information in a sentence. This often occurs mid-sentence: Daryl Hall, best known as one half of Hall Oates, has released several solo albums. But parenthetical information can also come at the end of a sentence: â€Å"Rickrolling† is named after Rick Astley, whose song â€Å"Never Gonna Give You Up† was a number one hit in 25 countries. 5. Setting Apart a Contrast When adding a contrast at the end of a sentence, set it apart with a comma: The Eagles played classic rock, not heavy metal. You cant play heavy metal sitting down.(Photo: Rachel Kramer/wikimedia) 6. Separating Coordinate Adjectives When using multiple adjectives to modify a single noun, you should separate coordinate adjectives with commas. Commas aren’t required when adjectives aren’t coordinate. Coordinate adjectives are equally-weighted in how they modify a noun. You can test whether adjectives are coordinate by either changing their order or adding â€Å"and† between them: Pat Benatar is a talented, successful musician. Pat Benatar is a successful, talented musician. Pat Benatar is a successful and talented musician. These all sound okay because â€Å"successful† and â€Å"talented† are coordinate adjectives. If we do the same thing with adjectives that aren’t coordinate (e.g., â€Å"successful† and â€Å"American†), the sentences sound wrong: Pat Benatar is a successful American musician. – Correct Pat Benatar is an American successful musician. – Incorrect Pat Benatar is a successful and American musician. – Incorrect This is because â€Å"American† is more important to the identity of the noun in this sentence. 7. Introducing a Quotation A comma is used to introduce a quotation when it follows from the rest of a sentence, particularly after terms like â€Å"said† or â€Å"wrote†: Jon Bon Jovi said, â€Å"Success is falling nine times and getting up ten.† However, no comma is needed when the quote follows the word â€Å"that†: Jon Bon Jovi said that â€Å"Success is falling nine times and getting up ten.† Here seen about to swallow a microphone.(Photo: Artur Bogdanski/wikimedia) 8. Direct Address Finally, when something is directly addressed to someone else, we separate the name of the addressee from the main statement with a comma: Before: Derek, are you listening to Def Leppard? After: Are you listening to Def Leppard, Derek? This particularly applies when writing dialogue, so it’s relevant when writing fiction.

Great News Web Widgets for Your Blog or Website

Great News Web Widgets for Your Blog or Website So youve got your news blog or website up and running but you want to spice it up a bit. A web widget can do just that. What Are Web Widgets? Web widgets are simply little pieces of code that you can copy and paste into your website, blog or social networking site. There are thousands of widgets available for free online, focusing on virtually every topic imaginable. Why Should I Use Web Widgets? Web widgets can add interest to your website or blog by providing content that complements the material youve created. For instance, if your blog focuses on local politics, you can add a widget that focuses on state or national politics. If you cover high school sports, you can add a widget that follows the pro teams. Widgets can provide the kind of news content that would be difficult for a student or citizen journalist to cover. How Do I Use Web Widgets? You can find detailed instructions on using web widgets on-line, but usually, its just as simple and copying and pasting a bit of code into your website or blog. And while there are hundreds of ready-made news widgets to choose from, you can also customize widgets to fit the look of your site, or even create your own. Below is a list of sites where you can find news widgets. There are much more out there, so dont be afraid to search for what you need. General News CBS News - The network offers widgets in many categories. Associated Press - A widget from the U.S. wire service. The New York Times - Breaking news from the newspaper. CNN - News from the cable network. Fox News - Breaking news from the cable network. USA Today - A variety of widgets from the newspaper. Politics USA Today Politics CNN Political Ticker Politico Live Pulse - News from the politics website. Business and Economic News CNN Money - Business and financial information. Wall St. Journal Sports USA Today Sports Make Your Own There are also widget sites that host dozens of widgets in a variety of categories. You can pick pre-made widgets or even create and customize your own. Widgetbox - Search from this sites collection of hundreds of widgets, or make your own. Google - The search engine offers dozens of widgets in different categories. Wordpress - Widgets for those who have Wordpress blogs. Follow me on Facebook Twitter

How To Boost Your Results With Original Research As A Marketing Tactic With Andy Crestodina From Orbit Media Studios [ACM 015] - CoSchedule Blog

How To Boost Your Results With Original Research As A Marketing Tactic With Andy Crestodina From Orbit Media Studios [ACM 015] Blog You know that you can find information on just about anything you want on the Internet. But are you always finding all of the information that you need on a particular topic? When it comes to content marketing, you need to know exactly how often you should publish, exactly who is reading your posts, and exactly what you need to do to boost your readership (and, hopefully, your income). The key to finding these types of information is doing original research. Today’s guest, Andy Crestodina, is the co-founder and strategic director at Orbit Media Studios. He has done some great original research on publishing frequency, and he’ll be talking about that. He’ll also give us some tips on conducting our own original research. Stay tuned for some excellent hints that you can start using now to make your content marketing even better. Powered by PodcastMotor Actionable Content Marketing powered by By 00:00/00:00 1x 100 > Download file Subscribe on iTunes Leave Review Share

George Whitefield Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

George Whitefield - Term Paper Example Whitefield was educated at home by his mother and later in life at St. Mary de Crypt School and Pembroke College, Oxford2. Whitefield was s diligent student but he was a loner. He spent a lot of time meditating; in fact, he was once reported to have meditated for six weeks without any food except bread or tea. This experience weakened him so much that he had to see a doctor 2. Whitefield was ordained as a minister at the tender age of 21. The bishop who ordained him had earlier said he would refuse to ordain anyone that young but Whitefield showed some remarkable characteristics that were ideal for preaching, he was exceptionally hard-working, he was ready to learn, he had a vivid imagination, he attracted children and perhaps most importantly of all, he exuded an exuberance that made people listen to him. Whitefield mainly preached against sin and for Jesus Christ1. It was Whitefield’s association with brothers Charles and John Weasley that led him to Georgia, America as a missionary. Whitefield spent the year after being ordained preaching in the UK and raising funds to travel to Georgia2. The Weasley brothers had both been preaching in America to no avail and they had failed to convert the masses of people1,2. However, when Whitefield arrived in America, he found he had a voice almost immediately. People listened to him and responded almost immediately. His charisma probably contributed to this greatly. A year after his arrival, Whitefield decided to return to the UK to collect funds for an orphanage that was being planned by the colony’s founder. The orphanage and schools, when they were built finally helped an abundance of people. Whitefield never profited from this endeavour financially1. After his first trip to America, Whitefield made six more trips. Each journey across the Atlantic was danger but Whitefield had a large audience which he wanted to preach to in America1,2. In 1940, in Philadelphia, he preached to fifteen thousand people,

Philosophy ESSAY 2 - Business and Professional Ethics

Philosophy 2 - Business and Professional Ethics - Essay Example This paper will refute this argument in the pursuit of justifying whistle-blowing as a social and moral duty to secure the interests of society. Renowned American economist Milton Friedman offered a landmark statement when he suggested that corporate social responsibility means, primarily, making money for stockholders and implying that ethical behaviour is therefore good for shareholder wealth (Nickels et al, 2005). Friedmans suggestion indicates that business maintains a duty to those who invest in the success of an organization and must work to ensure that it bases its activities chiefly to secure the financial well-being of shareholders. Enron Corporation, a now infamous American company which was bankrupted virtually overnight for eliciting false accounting practices, offered global business a learning lesson on truth in financial disclosure, insider trading, and the ethical fiduciary responsibilities of corporate managers and directors (Berenbeim, 2002). Enron Corp. failed in its duty to sustain its responsibility to its employees and shareholders, thus offering a blow to all of society, and was publicly exposed for it s corruption by internal employees who blew the whistle on Enrons false activities. In the situation with Enron, the whistleblowers infringed on the precept of employee loyalty and, most likely, felt it was their social duty to expose corruption within the organization. However, loyalty is a feature of special, mutually-enriching relationships in which self-interest may be forfeited without anticipation for reward (Powerpoint, 2006). The key words are mutually-enriching and in the case of Enron, the whistle-blowers witnessed the firms failure to fulfil its duty and thus viewed exposure as more than merely a right, but a duty to act in a morally responsible manner to reclaim a sense of business ethics and protect investors from fraud. Thus, the whistle-blowers enacted their perceptions of justice against Enron. The term justice has been

LEGAL ASPECTS OF NURSING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LEGAL ASPECTS OF NURSING - Essay Example Negligence on either side of the teams gives rise to severe consequences. These consequences are sometimes lethal and several patients have been reported dead on grounds of negligence. Other than filing law suits against the healthcare providers and healthcare facilities, patients and plaintiffs have in the past gone an extra step to sue jurisdictional governments for their failure to make available sufficient funds for up-to-date facilities (Martzo & Sherman 2010, 43). There are a number of federal regulations that health facilities need to observe in assuring client’s safety. The first regulation is the identification of laid down set of measurements of patients’ protection critical to the therapeutic error detection. Another parameter is classifying a set of performances concerning patient safety significant to medical inaccuracy prevention. The third guideline is identifying matters connected to implementation of mandatory reporting for diminution of errors (Martzo & Sherman 2010, 63). Establishing the utmost accommodating way to show information on the incidences of medical oversights to the civic is also a federal law. Healthcare facilities need to take levelheaded steps to ensure that medical workforce adhere to these guidelines by the established modus operandi that encourage patient safety. There are several principles of protecting patients’ safety that applied in Mr. Abraham’s case. First is the Principle of Autonomy. This is the agreement to respect a patient’s right to determine his own course of action. The agreement demands that medical practitioners respect independent decisions made by a patient. Patient Self Determination Act of 1990 passed by the United States Congress reserves a patient’s right to make decisions over what he wants to do with his life. The law, however, applies to a person in a stable state of mind and body (competent person). This principle does not apply to Mr. Abraham’s dema nd to leave the clinic since he was drunk at the time of his admission. His alcohol level was above the legal limit and this disqualified him from the principle of autonomy. The nurses reserved the right to decide on his behalf to stay within the facility for further treatment. The second principle applicable in the case study is the Principle of Beneficence. This states the nurses’ need to be compassionate, take positive action to help others and always desire to do well. This principle is considered the core principle of patient advocacy. In Abraham’s case, the nurses and medical personnel who attended to him had his best interest at heart. After attending to the patient, the nurses restrained Mr. Abraham onto his bed using Posey vest and soft wrist restraints so that he could not leave to cause more harm to himself in another fight. The nurses’ care was evident in their decision to move the patient to a room close to their station so that they could have a cl ose check on him. Further, they devised an hourly visit to ensure his best care. Nonmaleficence is the third principle that applies to the case of Mr. Abraham. This principle demands that medical practitioners may not inflict any harm on the patients as they take positive action to help (Martzo & Sherman 2010, 143). It is the central medical oath of medical ethics. In medical practitioner’s efforts to do utmost good to sustain the patient’