Sociological Theory Essay -- Social Inequality Sociology

It is a theme in sociology to discover where and why there are social inequalities, either as a result of class stratification, gender, race, and/or a combination of these factors. Theorist cannot explore, or even attempt to, discuss all of the issues so they develop explanations that, at times, coincide with one another. In dealing with the relationship between two conceptualized ideas, oppression/inequality and individualist/liberal ideology, theorist seem to focus on the cause and effect association that structures these ideas. Focusing on four theorist and their ideas for the production of these relationships we will discover how they intertwine and build on each person’s understanding of one topic, and show how it can branch to cover others, or expose the deficiencies and provide a new perception of the societal structure. After the examinations and suggestions made on how to make the communities we live in more inclusive of those who feel, and in fact are, oppressed ther e are no remedies that can cure the plague of society’s inequalities/oppressions, and whether they are evidence of individualist/liberal ideology does not matter. In T.H. Marshall’s â€Å"Citizenship and Social Class† he assesses the reasons for social inequality by examining the structure and definition of citizenship. He defends his argument by investigating the origin of citizenship in English history. In the beginning of his theory Marshall defines the individual pieces that produce citizenship; civil rights, political rights, and social rights. Civil rights are â€Å"the rights necessary for individual freedom-liberty of the person; freedom of speech, thought, and faith† (Marshall 1995 [1965]. p.94); political rights give permission to be a member of the politic... ...hley W. Doane and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva (eds.), â€Å"‘New Racism,’ Color-Blind Racism, and the Future of Whiteness in America.† In White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism (New York: Routledge), pp. 271-312. Fraser, Nancy and Lynda Gordon. 1995. â€Å"Contract versus Charity: Why is There No Social Citizenship in the United States.† In Gershon Shafir (ed.), The Citizenship Debates (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), pp. [XX]. Marshall, T. H. 1995 [1965]. â€Å"Citizenship and Social Class.† In Gershon Shafir (ed.), The Citizenship Debates (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), pp. [XX]. Young, Iris Marion. 1996. â€Å"Gender as Seriality: Thinking Theoretically about Women as a Social Collective.† In Barbara Laslett and Ruth Ellen Boetcher (eds), The Second Signs Reader: Feminist Scholarship, 1983-1996 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), pp. 713-738.

Extraction of Benzoic Acid

Introduction: The theory behind the extraction of a solution containing benzoic acid, cellulose, and methyl orange involves many components pertaining to the fundamental ideas of solubility and polarity. Using the concepts of like dissolving like and acid base reactions, a solution of organic acid (benzoic acid), a water soluble compound cellulose, and an organic soluble compound methyl orange, can be separated and benzoic acid can be isolated by a method of extraction.At the fundamental level, organic solvents separate from aqueous solutions based on their varying densities, typically the organic layer being less dense and therefore on top of the aqueous layer1. Therefore any solutes in those solutions are also separated and can be isolated from one another. This phenomenon is the basis for the liquid-liquid extraction and leads into the concept of the partition coefficient. According to MtCg the ratio of concentrations of a solute in each layer is defined by the partition coefficie nt K, where K = C2 / C1.The distribution coefficient can therefore be viewed as the ratio of the concentration of the compound in organic solvent to the concentration of the same compound in aqueous solution. This constant allows for the calculation of dissolved compound in each layer of the solution, so that after several extractions, the yield can be sufficient for the purposes of the experiment. A second type of extraction, acid-base extraction, involves the addition of acids and bases in solutions to change the polarity of organic acids and bases to their corresponding water-soluble salts2.This allows us to take advantage of the liquid-liquid extraction to separate organic acids and bases from solution mixtures. Such extraction can be considered chemically active extraction because the polarity of one substance is altered to increase solubility in water. This type of extraction is necessary when both compounds are non-polar and dissolved well in organic solvents. For Experiment #1 Extraction of Benzoic Acid, a solution of benzoic acid, cellulose and methyl orange will first be added to ether, heated and filtered to separate the organic insoluble cellulose leaving benzoic acid nd methyl orange. Then after adding NaOH, the benzoic acid will react to form the water-soluble salt, sodium benzoate, which can be separated via the liquid extraction technique. Finally adding HCl to the aqueous sodium benzoate will cause the acid-base reaction to undergo restoring benzoic acid in the organic layer and NaCl in the water layer. Reagent Table: Experimental: To start, a solution of diethyl ether was mixed with 4. 06g of crude benzoic acid with two impurities.Boiling stones were added to the mixture and heated over the steam bath until the ether solution began to boil. Once the solution was boiling to most efficiently dissolve the inorganic parts of the solution, the ether insoluble material was filtered out of solution using the Buchner funnel vacuum filtration techniqu e. The filtrate ether remaining was added to a separatory funnel with 30mL of 1M NaOH, mixed and vented properly, and then rested as the solution settled into separate organic and aqueous layers.The bottom layer (aqueous) was drained from the separatory funnel into a beaker and another 30mL of NaOH was added to the left over ether, swirled and vented, separated, and the aqueous layer drained off into the same beaker as the first aqueous extraction. Next the aqueous solution that was collected was cooled on ice and 50mL of chilled 6M HCl was added to the mixture. At this point, a Bruchner funnel was used to collect the solid precipitate via vacuum filtration and those collected crystals were weighed out and set aside for the recrystalization of benzoic acid.Results: The most important measurements made during this lab were the initial weight of the crude benzoic acid, which was 4. 06g, and the mass of the crystals after the separation from the two impurities, 4. 88g. The fact that th e crystals weighed more than the starting material can be accounted for based on the lack of proper drying time for the crystals, and will be accounted for when calculating the percent composition.Discussion: After the results of the lab, there were a few points to consider in the final analysis. First off, and most importantly, after the crystals were obtained from the aqueous solution obtained by adding NaOH, the crystals were used immediately for the recrystalization and were not given the proper time to dry out, so the weight of the wet crystals must be used to calculate the percentage composition, which will be inaccurate.Another important note was after the HCl was added to the aqueous solution, the solution turned bright pink, indicating that some of the methyl orange, which should have remained in the organic layer in the separatory funnel, had made it into our aqueous solution. To counteract this, when the vacuum filtration technique was used, the solid precipitate was wash ed with distiller water to ensure the crystals did not contain a pink tint to them.The reason this lab works was because the first filtration got rid of the organic insoluble cellulose leaving methyl orange and benzoic acid in the ether mixture. Then, using the acid-base extraction technique, benzoic acid was altered to sodium benzoate, rendering it soluble in aqueous solution, which allowed for the separation of the sodium benzoate from the methyl orange (still dissolved in ether) and then the reformation of benzoic acid by adding a strong acid to the aqueous dissolved salt. References: MtCg pg. 129 MtCg pg. 131

1984 the Loss of Humanity Essay - 747 Words

1984: The Loss of Humanity The novel 1984 has left a lasting impact in the literary world. Though the year in which the book takes place has come and gone, the book can still warn of a future that could come. In all reality, the book could be titled 2100 and have the same plot line. But although the warning still has relevance and citizens of the United States should be conscientious of it, the democratic society of the country provides a protection against the loss of individualism. The first step of losing humanity occurs when citizens lose their ability or desire to think independently and know the truth; 1984 depicts the loss of society’s human qualities and how this scenario might occur in the future. In 1984, Winston and†¦show more content†¦In the 2012 presidential election, 99% of citizens voted for either the Democrat or Republican candidate (â€Å"Election 2012†). Americans like to think they are different from everybody else, but this is not always the reality. So, Americans may be losing some of their individualistic thinking, bringing them closer to the minds of the citizens in the society of 1984. In recent years, America has become a world of social media. On September 14, Facebook reached 1 billion users, which is about one seventh of the world’s population (Vance). Though social media allows everyone to share their opinion with whomever they want, it is also used by some as the only avenue to learn information. In 2010, 6.1 million students were taking at least one online course (Lytle). Many citizens also accept information off the internet as true without validation. People become â€Å"followers† and can base their opinions on what somebody else says. In the society of 1984, the idea of social media does not exist. However, the act of blind following does exist in 1984’s society. Big Brother is the citizens’ only source of information and they do not question the validity of any claims made by the Party. By giving the people no other options than to believe them, the Party succeeds in taking away the human quality of individualistic thinking. When a citizen such as Winston occurs, the Party does a veryShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Great Gatsby 1277 Words   |  6 Pages 1984 is a novel with a huge amount of political in-depth meanings written by George Orwell. Although the future society that 1984 pictured implies a lot of connections with the Soviet Union during the reign of Stalin, indeed it projects the terrible aftereffects that autocracy in any kinds would bring. Orwell described the detailed life in the oceania which are extremely similar to the life in London after World War II: pov erty, lack of supplies, food shortage, dirty street etc. butRead MoreThe Novel 1984 By George Orwell1332 Words   |  6 PagesINHUMANITY. WHAT CORE ELEMENTS OF HUMANITY THAT NOVEL EXPLORES? George Orwell’s novel ‘1984’ shows the crucial need for love, independence, hope and freedom in the midst of inhumanity. Bob Dylan once said â€Å"No one is free, even the birds are chained to the sky (Dylan, n.d)†. In ‘1984’ Winston attempts to remain human whilst everyone he knows is doing otherwise. That is until he meets Julia, a young woman who surfaces desire and hope in him. Orwell shows the core elements of humanity such as independence andRead More1984 Metropolis Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿The quote â€Å"The object of power is power† is heavily supported by George Orwell’s 1949 novel ‘1984’ and Fritz Lang’s 1927 film ‘Metropolis’ through their intertextual connections and shared perspectives. Both texts were composed around the context of pre and post World War 2 which is clearly evident through their settings, characterisation, themes and ideas. Through Orwell’s and Fri tz’s use of dystopic societies, empowerment of women and detrimental dictatorship rule it is blatant that George Orwell’sRead MoreThe Hunger Games And 1984 Use1083 Words   |  5 PagesHow do the writers of the Hunger Games and 1984 use their first chapter to introduce ideas of a dystopian society? A majority of us squander our time fantasizing about a faultless society, a place where sorrow has not meaning but is replaced with harmony, compassion, and riches. Essentially, we want a place where dreams come true. On the contrary, how often do we reflect on the worst? A place where sorrow is the only meaning and harmony, compassion and riches have no existence. Susceptibility, combatRead MoreWhat Makes Us Humans?999 Words   |  4 Pagesthe novel â€Å"1984,† George Orwell enlightens us to what these qualities are and pushes us to decide whether the people of Oceana that lack these qualities are even human. The core characteristics of humanity as we know it are humor, imagination, spirituality, sexuality, and rebelliousness. This leads us back to Orwell’s question; do the mindless people of Oceana truly have what it takes to be human? To this, the answer is no. While jokes are told and laughs are shared by the people in â€Å"1984,† the presenceRead More Fahrenheit 451 And 1984 - The Fear Of Utopia Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pages Several conflicting frames of mind have played defining roles in shaping humanity throughout the twentieth century. Philosophical optimism of a bright future held by humanity in general was taken advantage of by the promise of a better life through sacrifice of individuality to the state. In the books Brave New World, 1984, and Fahrenheit 451 clear opposition to these subtle entrapments was voiced in similarly convincing ways. They first all established, to varying degrees of balance, the atmosphereRead MoreThe Effects of Alienation in 1984773 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Alienation in 1984 Alienation is a main theme in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four. Alienation refers to the estrangement of an individual from another party. Alienation exists in many forms in the Orwellian society, and each form of alienation causes different effects on topics such as humanity and progress. Each person in the Orwellian society has the ability to escape alienation and work together to overthrow the government; however, Ingsoc uses alienation to bring everyoneRead MoreThe Novel 1984 By George Orwell954 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel â€Å"1984† by George Orwell exemplifies the issues of a government with overwhelming control of the people. This government controls the reality of all of their citizens by rewriting the past, instilling fear, and through manipulation. This is an astounding story because of the realistic qualities that are present throughout the text about an extreme regulatory government and its effects. This society is overwhelming consumed with th e constructed reality that was taught to them by Big BrotherRead More Analysis of e. e. cummings’ Poem of all the blessings which to man937 Words   |  4 Pageswith industrialization and the correlated obsolescence of man. Poet e.e. cummings is among them. In his poem of all the blessings which to man, cummings describes a world to which progress will doom mankind-- a place where technology rules over humanity.    Cummingss poem opens saying that the most supreme gift progress offers mankind is the an/ imal without a heart (3-4). This heartless living thing is the machine. Machines can be made to act, and can often appear as if they think, butRead More1984 Proletariat Analysis804 Words   |  4 PagesIn George Orwell’s dystopian novel, 1984, the proletarian class is constantly downtrodden and dehumanized. However, akin to the Bolshevik and Chinese revolutions, Winston and Orwell believe that they are the key to democracy, freedom, and growth. Oceania is a cruel society that views its citizens as pawns and a means to obtain power. This idea is misconstrued, though, as the proletariat are the source of their power. The power lying within the people means that they have the potential to seize it

Agoraphobia Essay - 1277 Words

A phobic disorder is marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger. Agoraphobia is an intense, irrational fear or anxiety occasioned by the prospect of having to enter certain outdoor locations or open spaces. For example, busy streets, busy stores, tunnels, bridges, public transportation and cars. Traditionally agoraphobia was solely classified as a phobic disorder. However, due to recent studies it is now also viewed as a panic disorder. Panic disorders are characterised by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly (Weiten, 1998). For a person diagnosed with agoraphobia, there are a number of restrictions and consequences associated†¦show more content†¦Systematic desensitisation includes three steps. The first step is to help the person construct an anxiety hierarchy. An anxiety hierarchy is a list of stimuli related to the specific source of anxiety, in this case being i n a busy public place. The stimuli are ranked from the least to the most feared or avoided. An example of an anxiety hierarchy for someone with agoraphobia might include: Degree Of fear 5Show MoreRelatedAgoraphobia Essay486 Words   |  2 PagesAgoraphobia is the fear of the market place. This basically the fear of open spaces or being crowded. Agoraphobia is not just another name for shyness it is a social phobia. It is usually goes unrecognized and untreated. Common questions asked are what causes it and how do you treat it? I will answer these questions for you. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Nearly 900,000 teenagers suffer from agoraphobia. Most people don’t realize that panic disorders often first become apparent in teenage years.Read MoreIrrational Fears: Agoraphobia Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesAgoraphobia According to Klasco (2011), psychological disorders are abnormalities of the mind that result in persistent behavior patterns that can have an impact on daily tasks and life in general. There are many different groups of psychological disorders, one of those being anxiety disorders, which King (2013) states features motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts (p. 448). There are also many subgroups of anxiety disorders, including phobic disorders, inRead More Agoraphobia and its Impact on a Persons Life Essay1270 Words   |  6 PagesAgoraphobia and its Impact on a Persons Life A phobic disorder is marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger. Agoraphobia is an intense, irrational fear or anxiety occasioned by the prospect of having to enter certain outdoor locations or open spaces. For example, busy streets, busy stores, tunnels, bridges, public transportation and cars. Traditionally agoraphobia was solely classified as a phobic disorder. However, due to recent studiesRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Panic Disorder3756 Words   |  16 Pagesalso known as CBT, exposure therapy, and antidepressant medication. It is interesting to study panic disorder since it is so prominent throughout the US. This essay will examine panic disorder, characteristics of panic disorder, the side effects of panic disorder, and the pros and cons of treatments of panic disorder. Therefore this essay intends to deal with the following research question: To what extent is cognitive behavioral treatment, exposure therapy and antidepressant medication effectiveRead More Discover the Intricacies of Agoraphobia Essay1961 Words   |  8 Pagesaliment in particular, Agoraphobia, is of particular interest to me as it affects many of my family members in ways both subtle and drastic, and I cannot help but wonder if I too will fall victim to it. I know from previous knowledge that this particular ailment is a mental one, though I have witnessed it causing drastic physical symptoms, and that it generally involves a fear of leaving home for an open, public place. Through research, I aim to find the cause of agoraphobia, including anything thatRead MoreUnderstanding Social Phobia1569 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will discuss the mental disorder known as Social Phobia. The major symptoms of this disorder will be identified before critically considering the difficulties regarding the diagnosis of Social Phobia. Biological and psychosocial explanations will be explored and evaluated appropriately in order to gain a better understanding of this disorder. Furthermore, the treatments in terms of medication and behavioural therapies will be scrutinised and appraised suitably. Social Phobia can alsoRead MoreEssay on Anxiety Disorder and the Different Types677 Words   |  3 Pageson past researches, thesis and theories. Is there strong evidence for the use of psychological therapy for treating anxiety disorders? We need to understand more deeply anxiety disorders and therapies proposed to answer this question. First, this essay will review some of many types of anxiety disorders and their descriptions. Second, it will go through the types of psychological therapies. Finally, it will present the effectiveness of certain therapies for each type of anxiety disorders throughRead MoreEssay The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 1789 Words   |  8 PagesAgoraphobia is derived from the Greek words agora, meaning â€Å"gathering place† or â€Å"assembly† which was used to describe a city’s marketplace, and phobia meaning â€Å"fear.† It literally means fear of the marketplace. Carl Westphal first coined the term â€Å"agoraphobia† in 1871 to describe people who were afraid of large open spaces. Since then, the definition of agoraphobia has been modified and continues to develop as more research is done. (Barlow, 2002, p. 328) The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ofRead MorePhobias : What Do Spiders, Water, Elevators, Mice And Heights Have? Common?915 Words   |  4 Pagesnecessarily have to be something dangerous. For example, a phobia I know a lot of us suffer from would be public speaking. See? Not very dangerous physically, but can be very stressful because of the extreme anxiety it can cause in some people. In this essay, we will cover a few of the key points and hopefully learn a little more generalized information on phobias, how they affect people, and some things maybe we can do to help minimize our fears. Without further ado, let’s begin! â€Æ' Like said earlierRead MoreReview of Mairs Autobiography Entitled, On Being a Cripple Essay600 Words   |  3 Pagespersonal experience in Mairs’ past and draws out the meaning as she tells her story and reflects on her experiences. The key factors of an autobiographical essay include dramatic events or episodes, vivid details and narration, and an interweaving of narration with reflection on and interpretation of the essayist’s experiences (Norton xxvii). This essay focuses on Mairs’ experiences and personal struggles with multiple sclerosis. Nancy Mairs was born in Long Beach, California in 1943. Throughout

Unpaid Work An Outdated Social Norm Essay - 1244 Words

Unpaid work is a key theme emphasized in Stanford’s text Economics for Everyone. The importance of unpaid work is explained in a variety of ways throughout the chapters. The unequal distribution of unpaid work, towards women, is highlighted for being an outdated social norm. Stanford enlightens readers on the reality of how unpaid work significantly affects economics. The content shows that if unpaid work within the economy was properly understood, it could influence a change within economic evaluations. The current economic evaluation tool, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), strongly influences social policies particularly for women, affecting their ability to participate fully in the paid workforce. Stanford expresses changes that need to be made concerning how economists view unpaid work. The author stresses this issue in the final chapter by listing unpaid work within his â€Å"A Dozen Big Things to Remember About Economics†. The following will go further in depth about why unpaid work is a crucial issue within the economy. Socialization is a main cause that has influenced unequal distribution of unpaid work within a household. Throughout the chapters of Stanfoods book, it is mentioned numerous times that the majority of unpaid work including, household chores, care for young children or elderly family members (Stanford, †¦. p.119), is completed by women. Statistics Canada has provided statistics on unpaid work, â€Å"men reported spending on average 8.3 hours on unpaid domesticShow MoreRelatedUnpaid Work : An Outdated Social Norm Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesAnalytical Review Unpaid work is a key theme emphasized in Stanford’s text Economics for Everyone. The importance of unpaid work is explained in a variety of ways throughout the chapters. The unequal distribution of unpaid work, towards women, is highlighted for being an outdated social norm. Stanford enlightens readers on the reality of how unpaid work significantly affects economics. The content shows that if unpaid work in the economy was properly understood, it could influence a change in theRead MoreSociological View On The Family2242 Words   |  9 Pagesrelationships between individuals and how they are controlled in terms of rules. Functionalism observes the involvement an institute, in this case, the family makes to the society. The family’s major function is the socialisation of new members of society. Social Functions of the Family The family is the most vital institution as it is the ‘basic building block’ of society, and performs the crucial functions of socialising the young and meeting the emotional needs of its members. George Peter Murdock (1949)Read MoreCompare and Contrast Any Two Sociological Theories and Briefly Evaluate Them.2079 Words   |  9 Pages Functionalism has a macro-structural approach to society. It looks at society as a whole and is known as a consensus perspective i.e. everyone agrees on social norms and values and people work together to maintain society. These norms and values are learned by social institutions such as the family, education, media, religion, law and work. Functionalists believe society is arranged similar to the human body and its vital organs. If one should malfunction, then the others will be affected. Read MoreThe Role of Feminism in Nursing History Essay example2843 Words   |  12 PagesNursing as a profession has faced many barriers over the centuries. One of the most defining barriers discussed in regard to the historical experience of nurses is the effects of its being considered, and for the most part being, work done by women. In evaluating nursing history it is necessary therefore to evaluate the ways in which society has evolved over time in terms of its views on the roles of nu rses of women within the society and its institutions. In the U.S., the inception of nursingRead MoreUcsb Human Sex Soc 152a Final Study Guide4110 Words   |  17 Pagespregnancy] d. Majority of female prostitutes are mothers e. Prostitution is more of a full timeoccupation for W and has more profit making potential for W than M f. M prostitutes tend to be independent agents where as W often work for pimps i. Pimps – man who sets up and protects prostitutes in exchange for part of their earnings 1. Much less common in recent years 2. Working out of a fixed commercial location a. I.e. messageRead MoreWal Mart Case Study The Challenge of Managing Relationships with Stakeholders17330 Words   |  70 Pages meaning the media, special interest group, etc. Since they have an influence in the company when there are any changes, they become a very important asset to a business and industry. They can influence in the financial status of the business, the work load and so on. Wal-Mart has many different types of stakeholders that are involved in the company, within these stakeholders, it can be seen that there are similar treatments to the different groups of stakeholders. The largest groups of stakeholdersRead MoreRole of Communication Employee Involvement in the Process of an Organizational Change23165 Words   |  93 Pagesnegotiation, manipulation, co-optation and coercion. Lewin s three-step model is one approach to manage planned change. The model suggests that organizations can bring permanent changes in employee behavior by making them unlearn ol d behaviors and work procedures. Modern organizations emphasize on innovation and learning to cope with changes in the business environment and stay ahead of competition. The different sources of innovation include change in awareness due to acquisition of new knowledgeRead MoreEducation response Essay example43180 Words   |  173 PagesA progress report by the Independent Reviewer on Social Mobility and Child Poverty October 2012 University Challenge: How Higher Education Can Advance Social Mobility A progress report by the Independent Reviewer on Social Mobility and Child Poverty October 2012 University Challenge: How Higher Education Can Advance Social Mobility Contents Foreword and summary 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 11 Chapter 2 Access all areas 19 Chapter 3 Making the grade Read MoreHp Transformation Leadership21564 Words   |  87 Pagestried to help HP people share in the company’s success which they make possible; to provide employment security based on performance; to ensure them a safe and pleasant work environment; to recognize their individual achievements; to value their diversity; and to help them gain a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment from their work. For employees it was very easy to identify with these values. Employees working in family feeling environment where a bell would signal that coffee and donuts theyRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesobtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish

Professional Skills in Information Communication Technology

Question: Write a report on professional skills in information communication technology. Answer: Introduction: What I believe that our personal use of social media informs how we use it as a volunteer or professional. So, the knowledge is important before using the social networking site. I am sharing my personal experience of using social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter. In this paper, all the reviews of using social networking site will be given (Dabbagh and Kitsantas 2012). The workplace diversity and views to be a good ICT professional will be explained in this paper. Discussion:Portfolio1: When I joined Facebook, I was not aware of the security issues and I also did not know how to change the settings. I was not a group of the people and I feel complex to talk to everyone at the same time. I was not able to get the point to connect with the people online. I was not able to mention the comment on the post of the other people. So I used to ignore to post a comment on the post of the people. I also not knew to post something on my wall. Once upon a time, someone hacked my Facebook account and posted some critical images. I was not aware of the security concern before that. Then, I asked to my friend about the security settings. I understand the use of the settings then and I recover my account password by using my email account. Then I understand the need of the security to the account. I changed my password and then I realized that password must be difficult (Ellison et al 2014). I contributed with those experiences in a negative way as I became the victim of account hacking and felt inferior in using the social networking site. But in a positive way, I have learned a lot of things to use social networking site as Password must be the mix-up of characters, numbers and the letters. I did not do anything wrong with any of my friend and recover my account (Veletsianos and Navarrete 2012). What I believe that I need to gain knowledge about it before using the Facebook. I realized as a professional communicator that I need to understand how to use Facebook and how Facebook works and the other possibilities held (Jelenchick 2013). I understand the way in which a comment can be mentioned at the post of others and then I started to use Facebook properly. I was interested to know that it could help me to reach my colleagues cost-efficiently. I learned about the use of the help button. In future, I would like to share my experiences with the others so that no one can be the victim of the account hacking. I shall use the difficult password including number, letters and characters. I shall not post any image publically. I shall change my post setting only to my friends. I will talk to my friends by making a group and saves the time. The positive part of the hacking of my account was that I became aware of the security. I learned how to change the settings. I understood the importance of the complex password. The advertisement is the negative part. A hacker can use my personal data. I could lose my all the personal data and I have lost my privacy. I can meet with an incident as I shared my lot of images. ICT Professionals:Portfolio2: According to my views, we can be good ICT professional if we follow the rules of the ACS codes of ethics. There are many codes of ACS of ethics which can be followed by us. I believe, if I want to be a good ICT professional then I need to be honest. We should give the priority to the public need more than the personal needs. We need to be honest in my presentation skills while I am presenting, knowledge and my work to others (de Vries and Broadley 2013). Competence is also the code of the ACS. We need to work diligently for our stakeholders. We need to develop our professional development and the development of our colleagues as well. We should be professional as it enhances the integrity of society and we need to respect our colleagues. If we follow these rules, then we can be good ICS professionals. We should have the good verbal and non-verbal skills. We should be a good listener. We should have the ability to work in the team. Ethics: There is need to nurture new staff according to the ICT ethics codes. We should share our work experiences with each other to develop a new work environment. We should be reliable with our work and colleagues. We must be dedicated for our work. We should be punctual. Values: We should be able to recognize the need and the value of the work as being a good ICT professional. We should be able to take the independent decision and able to decide what we are doing or supervising for fining the new creative way of work. Communication with colleagues: Some ways are defined here to communicate with our colleagues in an effective way. We should listen other actively. We should speak with discretion as it prevents any misunderstanding among colleagues. We should communicate face to face with each other. We should be very clear what we are speaking and giving feedback. There is needed to be trustworthy with our colleagues. We should be honest and friendly with each other. We should not be so casual but we can be personal with our colleagues. Diversity in the Workplace: Workplace Diversity is only the term used which describes all the differences about anything at a workplace. Because, workforce diversity plays a vital role in achieving a targeted output as it increase the productivity of any product. If our work environment is good and there is a friendly environment then worker motivate to do the more work. Diversity is the term used for describing the differences between different facts and cultural activities. Work place diversity is the differences among the employees worked in an organization (Chrobot-Mason and Aramovich 2013). Diversity is itself a form of diversity. Diversity is used to identify the differences in the cultural background and life styles. The term, diversity describes distinctions between racial or ethnic classifications such as human nature, gender, religion, physical abilities, socioeconomic background, sexual orientation, gender identity, intelligence, mental health, physical health and many other activities (Huber 2014). Conclusion: In this report, I have shared all my experiences of using social networking site by choosing Facebook as a social networking site. The workplace diversity is defined above. All the views for become a good ICT professional are discussed above. References: Chrobot-Mason, D. and Aramovich, N.P., 2013. The psychological benefits of creating an affirming climate for workplace diversity.Group Organization Management,38(6), pp.659-689. Dabbagh, N. and Kitsantas, A., 2012. Personal Learning Environments, social media, and self-regulated learning: A natural formula for connecting formal and informal learning.The Internet and higher education,15(1), pp.3-8. de Vries, J. and Broadley, T., 2013, June. Understanding the Effectiveness of ICT Professional Learning through the TPACK Conceptual Framework: A Case Study. InEdMedia: World Conference on Educational Media and Technology(Vol. 2013, No. 1, pp. 506-514). Ellison, N.B., Vitak, J., Gray, R. and Lampe, C., 2014. Cultivating social resources on social network sites: Facebook relationship maintenance behaviors and their role in social capital processes.Journal of Computerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Mediated Communication,19(4), pp.855-870. Huber, D., 2014. Workplace Diversity. Jelenchick, L.A., Eickhoff, J.C. and Moreno, M.A., 2013. Facebook depression? Social networking site use and depression in older adolescents.Journal of Adolescent Health,52(1), pp.128-130. Saw, G., Abbott, W., Donaghey, J. and McDonald, C., 2013. Social media for international students-it's not all about Facebook.Library Management,34(3), pp.156-174. Veletsianos, G. and Navarrete, C., 2012. Online social networks as formal learning environments: Learner experiences and activities.The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning,13(1), pp.144-166.

The History of Blogging From 1997 Until Now (With Pictures)

Blogging may only be a little over 20 years old, but the nature of blogs has undergone incredible transformations during those years. In this article, well explore the history of blogging, from the first recognized blog to the crowded blogosphere of 2019. Robot Wisdom blog to describe these sites.Many of those early blogs were created by programmers and focused on highly technical subjects, but in 1998 Jonathan Dube became the first journalist to blog an event. His blog chronicled Hurricane Bonnie for The Charlotte Observer, as pictured below:1998 also saw the creation of Open Diary, a blogging platform that allowed members of the community to comment on each others writing. This was the first of many tools that made blogging accessible to regular people, regardless of their programming experience.How different blogging platforms began and diedJust as the cumbersome, code-heavy blogs of the late 90s began to give way to more accessible solutions, in 1999 the word weblog was dropped i n favor of a simpler term: blog by Peter Merholz. This year also saw the advent of three new blogging platforms: Xanga, LiveJournal, and Blogger. Xanga, a site that focused more on the social side of blogging (similar to MySpace), boasted 300,000 users at its peak but faded out of the blogging scene entirely.LiveJournal started as a website where Brad Fitzpatrick could keep in touch with his high school friends, and quickly grew into a place where all kinds of people could record their thoughts and develop communities. LiveJournal sustained popularity as a blogging platform into the mid-2000s, but gradually transformed from a blogging site where all were welcome into one of Russias primary social media platforms.Blogger, on the other hand, began its life as a commercial blogging service created by Pyra Labs. The platform would go on to be purchased by Google in 2003 and made freely available to the world. This move pushed not just Blogger, but also the entire concept of blogging, in to the mainstream.The early 2000sAs blogging became more popular, tools appeared to help people curate their blog reading list or market their own blogs. 2002 was a particularly big year for the blogosphere. People also started to monetize their blogs with sites like BlogAds, a precursor to Google AdSense.The first-ever blog search engine, Technorati, launched that November.Many popular blogs also launched in this year, including Gizmodo and Gawker, some of the earliest companies to use blogging itself as their primary business model. Check out the original version of Gizmodo below:Heather Armstrong became the first person to get fired for talking about her job on her blog in February 2002, putting her blog Dooce in the spotlight of many conversations about internet privacy. Dooced even became a verb, meaning fired for blogging.2002 was a big year for blogging, but 2003 turned out to be even bigger. Google purchased Blogger and introduced AdSense, making it possible for anyone to mo netize their blog without needing to join a special network like BlogAds.2003 also saw the birth of two new brand-new blogging services that would further alter the blogosphere: TypePad, a commercial blogging platform that hosts blogs for major multimedia companies like the BBC, and WordPress, the open-source platform we use for ThemeIsle and our sister sites. These platforms made it easy for companies to create their own fully customized blogs and sell advertising directly to companies for improved profits.In 2005, Garrett Graff became the first blogger in the history of blogging to be granted a press pass for the White House. This, along with the birth of Huffington Post in the same year (see the original site below), brought blogging into the political realm and gave the medium a new level of legitimacy as a media source.The rise of vloggingWith the rise of blogging came a whole new style of blog: video blogs, or vlogs. The first vlog entry was created in 2000 by Adam Kontras. It s a short video that doesnt seem like much, but it was the beginning of a new form of content, and even more, a new industry:See the first vlog: Like the pre-2000s blogs, vlogs grew slowly but steadily until 2005 when an innovative platform, YouTube, made the medium accessible to the masses. Like Blogger, YouTube was bought by Google in 2006.Today YouTube is home to much more than vlogs, but vlogging is still at its core, with the top creators making millions of dollars per year. Forbes even publishes an annual list of top YouTube stars.A brief history of blog designThe rise of vlogging was only one sign of a major shift in internet usage: as internet connections grew faster and more stable, images and video became more prominent. Images and design also became gradually more important to blogging success. Early blogs consisted almost entirely of text that stretched across the entire page, with only the occasional small image. You can see this early design aesthetic if you take anoth er look at that screenshot of Links.net:The design aspect of blogs has evolved and grown more important with each new iteration of the concept. Early platforms like LiveJournal and Blogger offered limited but simple customization. This allowed people with no coding experience to create unique sites. Popular LiveJournal layouts also introduced some elements of design that are still common in WordPress themes, like the centered text pictured below:From potterpuffs.livejournal.comMany blog designs during this era of the history of blogging also used elements like images of notebook rings or even just beige coloring to simulate the feeling of reading a paper journal, like the one pictured below:When WordPress launched its open source code in 2003, design possibilities exploded. Developers could use the WordPress technology to build themes, and people with no previous web design experience could customize those templates and build their sites with ease.Since then, premium WordPress theme s have become an industry to themselves. ThemeIsle joined this wave of companies in 2012, with a strong desire to make WordPress themes more fun for both site owners and new visitors. Our first theme, CreativeMag, was released in 2012:The CreativeMag theme showcases several popular design elements from this era in the history of blogging, including possibly the most enduring element of modern blog design, the sidebar. Like many older themes, it uses beige coloring to evoke the feeling of reading a journal. The sidebar features an image of lined paper to strengthen this association.The rise of responsive designNo article about the history of blogging would be complete without a mention of the mobile revolution. Mobile traffic was responsible for more than 50% of all internet traffic in 2018. But websites created in the early-to-mid 2000s dont look great when you view them with a mobile phone.Some companies created separate mobile sites designed for phones, but this was costly and imp ractical. The better answer, it seemed, was responsive design. Responsive design, or design that alters itself to fit the users screen, has existed in some form since 2001 but rose to popularity in 2015, when Google announced that sites would be penalized if they werent mobile-friendly.Today, responsive design is built into most WordPress themes, including all the themes youll find here at ThemeIsle.A quick history of blog SEOAnother important aspect of the history of blogging is the development of search engine optimization, commonly referred to as SEO. The creation of Google in 1998 changed the internet forever. The site quickly gained popularity, and enterprising individuals soon realized that they could use excessive keywords to make an impact on the search engines. Blogs, as sites that are frequently updated and have a heavy focus on text content, were a natural way for businesses to add large numbers of these keywords to their sites.In the early days of SEO, all you needed was to shove the correct keywords into your sentences as many times as possible, and the search engines would reward you. High-quality websites often shared the front page of Google with keyword-stuffers and other SEO spammers.Fortunately, Google noticed those spammers early on and began a long series of algorithm updates designed to punish sleazy SEO tactics and reward authentic, high-quality content. Todays SEO is rooted in a combination of human psychology and an understanding of how Google and other search engines categorize content.All in all, the changes to SEO reward high-quality blogs, making blogs an even more instrumental part of marketing. In 2019, companies who blog receive 55% more visitors to their website. Those visitors are also higher quality; SEO leads get a 14.6% close rate, whereas outbound leads have a much lower closing rate of 1.7%.Blogging in recent years (2012-2018)Blogging continued to grow at a steady pace, but there wasnt true innovation in the blogosphere u ntil the creation of Medium in 2012. Throughout its lifetime, Medium has made waves by introducing new ways to pay creators. They introduced a subscription model, and in 2017 replaced it with a partnership program. Today, Medium is home to thousands of blogs with varying levels of success, and they even employ some writers directly.LinkedIn introduced its own blogging platform, Pulse, for select users in 2013. Over time Pulse was rolled out to a growing number of users, becoming available to all in 2015.While some creators use Medium, LinkedIn Pulse, and the outcropping of similar sites as their primary blog, many use them as secondary and tertiary posting grounds. This brings content hosted on low-traffic domains to large new audiences.Social media works with blogs in a similarly symbiotic fashion. Most bloggers today have some kind of social media marketing strategy. They share every blog post on a plethora of social media platforms. Vloggers use similar marketing tactics, and man y also run blogs as well.Blogging today in 2019 and in the futureThe history of blogging is far from over. According to different estimates, there are millions of blogs live today. Plus, blogs are especially important to marketing: 85% of B2C companies and 91% of B2B companies use blogs or other forms of content marketing.What is the next stage in the history of blogging? I cant guess what the next innovative blogging platform will be, but I do have some ideas. As popular social media sites reduce organic reach and become pay-to-play markets, businesses will possibly revert to relying on SEO as their primary online marketing tool. This can make blogs become even more popular in the coming months and years.What do you think is the next stage in the history of blogging? Let us know in the comments section below! Follow along for a visual tour of the history of #blogging from 1997 until today ðŸ“Å"